The interoperability of arcade game machines, or their ability to function across different hardware systems and cabinets, is determined by several critical factors that have evolved throughout gaming history. Hardware standardization represents one of the most significant elements, with the JAMMA (Japan Amusement Machinery Manufacturers Association) standard emerging as a universal connector interface that enabled games from different manufacturers to operate in compatible cabinets. This 56-pin edge connector established consistent wiring for power, video output, audio, and control inputs, creating a foundation for cross-compatibility throughout the 1980s and beyond.

Beyond physical connectors, software architecture plays an equally crucial role in arcade interoperability. The operating systems and game code must be compatible with various processor architectures and graphic chipsets. Many manufacturers developed proprietary hardware-software ecosystems that intentionally limited interoperability to protect their market position. This created fragmentation where games designed for SNK's Neo Geo MVS system wouldn't operate on Sega's Naomi hardware without significant modification.

Regional differences further complicated interoperability, with arcade machines designed for Japanese, North American, and European markets often featuring different voltage requirements, video signal standards (NTSC vs. PAL), and safety certification requirements. The physical cabinet design itself presents another interoperability factor, as differing control panel layouts, monitor orientations (horizontal vs. vertical), and power supply specifications can prevent games from being easily swapped between cabinets.

Modern arcade interoperability faces new challenges and opportunities with digital distribution and emulation technology. While contemporary arcade platforms like exA-Arcadia continue to utilize standardized hardware approaches, software-based solutions through emulation have created a different form of interoperability that allows classic games to operate on modern displays and systems, though often with legal and authenticity considerations that impact their implementation in commercial settings.